Evaluation of DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress Inductions by Excessive Medical Intake of Saline in Mice Bone Marrow Cells

Abstract

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is widely used in various industrial, medical and food applications that increasing human exposure to it by excessive amount. However, almost all searches focused on its nephrotoxicity and adaptation of kidney cells to high salinity and only few scientific attentions were concerned on its genotoxicity. As the vast majority of drugs especially anticancer drugs diluted by saline injected by i.p. route. Hence, the oxidative DNA damage induction by excessive saline intake in mice bone marrow cells was investigated. Mice were injected i.p. with NaCl saline solution at the fixed dose level (10 ml/kg b.w. /2 days) of both the normal (0.9%) and high (3% & 5%) saline for six times and sacrificed 24 hour after the last injection. Micronucleus and comet assays and gel pulsed field electrophoresis were used to evaluate the possible genotoxicity of excessive saline on both chromosomal and DNA levels. Also, some biochemical markers of oxidative stress were assessed to shed more light on saline mechanism of action. DNA damage induction by excessive intake of both normal and high saline was evidenced by the statistical significant elevations in both micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes level and tail moment in a dose-dependent manner. This was further evidenced by appearance of fragmentized smeared DNA on agarose gel. Moreover, excessive NaCl caused significant elevation in malondialdehyde level and decreases in reduced glutathione level and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in a dose dependent manner.

In the conclusions we can say that