How Restrictive Laws Affect the Framing of the Issues of Corruption in Sudan
Keywords:
Restrictive, Framing, Corruption, Sudan, Qualitative Research.Abstract
This study aims at identifying how the restrictive laws affect the Sudanese newspapers’ framing of the issues of corruption in Sudan. Therefore, the present study adopted a qualitative research method using in-depth interviews to adequately probe the perceptions of the Sudanese journalists and editors and explore how the restrictive laws affect the Sudanese newspapers’ in framing the issues of corruption in Sudan. A purposeful sampling was adopted in selecting 20 Sudanese journalists across both governmental and private newspapers operating in Sudan. In order to achieve clearer understandings of the journalists’ perspectives, the study adequately supported each theme with models generated by means of employing NVivo 8 software. The findings revealed that the Legislation is one of the key elements of the development of press industry by the Sudanese government through parliament to ensure press freedom. In addition, the Sudanese journalists indicate that the corporate ownership as well as market contexts are significant in determining the quality of information presented in the newspapers’ political news coverage. Hence, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the newspaper ownership and the diversity of contents in newspapers. Consequently, there are negative effects of restrictive laws on the development of the Sudanese press industry in Sudan. Hence, the study calls for more attention towards the legislations in Sudan to insure the press freedom and the good work environment for journalists to carry out their role in raising the Sudanese citizens’ awareness.
References
Abu, N., & Abd Karim, M. Z. (2015). The causal relationships among corruption, political instability, economic development and foreign aid: Evidence from the economic community of West African states. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, 10(31), 20-33.
Khan, F. (2007). Corruption and the Decline of the State in Pakistan. Asian Journal of Political Science, 15(2), 219-247.
Bojanic, D., & Madsen, E. S. (2014). The Effect of Internet and Digital Media Freedom on Corruption.
Klapper, J. T. (1960). The effects of mass communication.
McQuail, D. (2010). Mass Communication Theory (6 uppl.). Cornwall: Sage Publications.
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1973). Return to the concept of the powerful mass media. Studies in Broadcasting, 9, 67-112.
Beniger, J. R., & Gusek, J. A. (1995). The Cognitive Revolution in Public Opinion and Public opinion and the communication of consent, 217.
De Vreese, C. H. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information Design Journal & Document Design, 13 (1).
Muzzatti, S. L., & Featherstone, R. (2007). Crosshairs on our backs: The culture of fear and the production of the DC sniper story. Contemporary Justice Review, 10(1), 43-66.
Delavallade, C. (2006). Corruption and distribution of public spending in developing countries.
Fombad, C. M., & Fombad, M. C.-A. (2015). 31 Rethinking Anti-Corruption Strategies in Africa: Constitutional Entrenchment as Basis for Credible and Effective Anti-Corruption Clean-Ups Shielding Humanity (pp. 726-773): Brill.
Lawal, G. (2007). Corruption and development in Africa: challenges for political and economic change. Humanity and social sciences Journal, 2(1), 1-7.
Arya, O. P., & Sharma, M. S. (2014). Transparency in delivery of entitlements through empowered Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) Field Actions Science Reports (Special Issue 11).
El-Nafabi, H. M. (2010). Public Financial Management in Sudan. International Journal of Government Financial Management, 10(1), 42.
Index Economic Freedom (2016) Retrieved from http://www.heritage.org/index/download
Transparency International. (2016) corruption by country. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/country#SDN
World Bank (2016). open data. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/country/algeria?view=chart
International Budge Partnership. (2017). OPEN BUDGET SURVEY 2017
Logune, A. T. (2006). Reporter’s Notebook: Sudan. Global Integrity.
SudanJAM. (2005). Joint Assessment Mission, Volumes I, II, III: March.
Riak, M. M. (2013). Reversing the Trend of Corruption in South Sudan: Is Rwanda a Suitable Model? Journal of Developing Societies, 29(4), 487-501.
Besley, T., & Burgess, R. (2002). The political economy of government responsiveness: Theory and evidence from India. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1415-1451.
Dunaway, J. (2008). Markets, Ownership, and the Quality of Campaign News Coverage. The Journal of Politics, 70(4), 1193-1202.
Lippmann, W. (1922). The world outside and the pictures in our heads.
Spilker, D. (2012a). The Sudanese press after separation Media in Cooperation and Transition gGmbH (MICT).
FreedomHouse. (2016). Freedom in the World 2016: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties: Rowman & Littlefield.
Scharrer, E. (2002). An" Improbable Leap": a content analysis of newspaper coverage of Hillary Clinton's transition from first lady to Senate candidate. Journalism Studies, 3(3), 393-406.
Wolfsfeld, G., & Sheafer, T. (2006). Competing actors and the construction of political news: The contest over waves in Israel. Political Communication, 23(3), 333- 354.
Sowunmi, F., Raufu, A., Oketokun, F., Salako, M., & Usifoh, O. (2010). The role of media in curbing corruption in Nigeria. Research Journal of Information Technology, 2(1), 7-23.
Stapenhurst, R. (2000). The media's role in curbing corruption: World Bank Institute Washington, DC.
Ahrend, R. (2002). Press freedom, human capital and corruption. DELTA working paper (2002-11).
Becker, L. B., Naab, T. K., English, C., & Vlad, T. (2013a). Measurement Issues and the Relationship Between Media Freedom and Corruption.
Brunetti, A., & Weder, B. (2003). A free press is bad news for corruption. Journal of Public Economics, 87(7), 1801-1824.
Fardigh, M. A. (2007). Press freedom and corruption: one of the mass media functions in promoting quality of government.
McConnell, P. J., & Becker, L. B. (2002). The role of the media in democratization. Paper presented at the Political Communication Section of the International Association for Media and Communication Research at the Barcelona Conference, July.
Sani, A. A. (2014). Press Freedom: Analyzing the portrayal of Nigerian-State on National dailies cover page headlines. Journal of Yaşar University, 9(35), 6255- 6260.
Tella, R. D., & Franceschelli, I. (2009). Government advertising and media coverage of corruption scandals.
Motlhasedi, N., & Phiri, A. (2015). The effects of mass media on corruption in South Africa: A MTAR-
Salih, M. M. (1965). The Sudanese Press. Sudan Notes and Records, 46, 1-7.
Glaeser, E. L., & Goldin, C. (2007). Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America's Economic History: University of Chicago Press.
Dike, V. E. (2005). Corruption in Nigeria: A new paradigm for effective control. Africa Economic Analysis, 24(08), 1-22.
Svensson, J. (2005). Eight questions about corruption. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(3), 19-42.
USDepartmentofstate. (2016). Investment Climate Statements for 2016 Sudan Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2016investmentclimatestatements/index.htm? year=2016&dlid=254249#wrapper
Transformation Index BTI. (2016). coutries reports.
Freedom House. (2015). Freedom in the World 2015: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties: Rowman & Littlefield.
Mauro, P. (2004). The persistence of corruption and slow economic growth. IMF staff papers, 51(1), 1-18. TEC perspective.
Smith, M. (2011). Corruption, Kleptocrats, and Politics: Sudan and Burma. The Huffington post.
Odugbemi, S., & Norris, P. (2010). Assessing the extent to which the news media act as watchdogs, agenda setters, and gatekeepers. Public sentinel: News media & governance reform, 379-393.
Nogara, M. (2009). Role of Media in Curbing Corruption: The Case of Uganda under President Yoweri K. Museveni during the'No-Party'System.
Snyder , J. M., & Strömberg, D. (2010). Press coverage and political accountability. Journal of political Economy, 118(2), 355-408.
Djankov, S., McLiesh, C., Nenova, T., & Shleifer, A. (2003). Who owns the media? The Journal of Law and Economics, 46(2), 341-382.
Wolfsfeld & Sheafer, (2006)
Chyi, H. I., & McCombs, M. (2004). Media salience and the process of framing: Coverage of the Columbine school shootings. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 22-35.
Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of communication, 57(1), 163-173.
Voltmer, K. (2010). The media, government accountability, and citizen engagement. Public Sentinel: News Media and Governance Reform, Washington: World Bank, 395.
Rugh, W. A. (2004). Arab mass media: Newspapers, radio, and television in Arab politics: Greenwood publishing group.
Glasser, C. J. (2013). International Libel & Privacy Handbook: A Global Reference for Journalists, Publishers, Webmasters and Lawyers. International Marketing Review.
Brand, L. A. (2007). Middle East studies and academic freedom: challenges at home and abroad. International studies perspectives, 8(4), 384-395.
Duffy, M. J. (2014). Arab media regulations: Identifying restraints on freedom of the press in the laws of six Arabian Peninsula countries. Berkeley J. Middle E. & Islamic L., 6, 1.
Doha Centre for Media freedom. (2013). The new press law: violations and restrictions or transformation and freedom? Retrieved fromhttp://www.dc4mf.org/en/content/new-press-law-violations-and-restrictions-or-transformation-and-freedom.
Norris, P. (2006). The Role of the Free Press in Promoting Democratization, Good Governance and Human Development 10. matters, 45(4-6), 66.
Prat, A., & Strömberg, D. (2013). The political economy of mass media. Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Tenth World Congress of the Econometric Society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Gehlbach, S., & Sonin, K. (2014). Government control of the media. Journal of Public Economics, 118, 163-171.
Karikari, K. (2004). Press freedom in Africa. Juncture, 11(3), 184-186.
Czepek, A., Hellwig, M., & Nowak, E. (2009). Press freedom and pluralism in Europe: concepts and conditions: Intellect Books.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches: Sage publications.
] Creswell, J. W. (2007). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research.
Shank, G. D. (2006). Qualitative research: A personal skills approach: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
Denscombe, M. (2010). The Good Research Guide: for small-scale social research: McGraw Hill.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2013). Research methods in education: Routledge.
McNamara, C. (2009). General guidelines for conducting interviews.
Kvale, S. (2007). Doing interviews (Vol. 2): Sage, London, UK.
Yin, R. K. (2011). Applications of case study research: Sage.
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field methods, 18(1), 59-82.
Blair, J., Czaja, R. F., & Blair, E. A. (2013). Designing surveys: A guide to decisions and procedures: Sage Publications.
Kajornboon, A. B. (2005). Using interviews as research instruments. E-journal for Research Teachers, 2(1), 1-9.
Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. British dental journal, 204(6), 291-295.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.
